Ottawa Bed Bug Registry Maps

Ottawa

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Ottawa
—  City  —
City of OttawaVille d'Ottawa
Centre Block on Parliament Hill, the National War Memorial in downtown Ottawa, the National Gallery of Canada, and the Rideau Canal and Château Laurier.
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Bytown
Motto: "Advance-Ottawa-En Avant"Written in the two official languages.[1]
Location of the City of Ottawa in the Province of Ontario, Canada
Coordinates: 45°25′15″N 75°41′24″W / 45.42083°N 75.69°W / 45.42083; -75.69
Country	Canada
Province	Ontario
Region	National Capital Region
Established	1826 as Bytown[2]
Incorporated	1855 as City of Ottawa[2]
Amalgamated	January 1, 2001
Government
- Mayor	Jim Watson
- City Council	Ottawa City Council
- MPs	List of MPs Mauril Bélanger Paul Dewar John Baird Royal Galipeau David McGuinty Pierre Lemieux Gordon O'Connor Pierre Poilievre
- MPPs	List of MPPs Lisa MacLeod Jean-Marc Lalonde Dalton McGuinty Phil McNeely Madeleine Meilleur Yasir Naqvi Norm Sterling Bob Chiarelli
Area[3][4][5]
- City	2,778.13 km2 (1,072.9 sq mi)
- Urban	512.29 km2 (197.8 sq mi)
- Metro	5,716.00 km2 (2,207 sq mi)
Elevation	70 m (230 ft)
Population (2006)[3][5]
- City	812,129 (4th)
- Density	292.3/km2 (757.1/sq mi)
- Metro	1,130,761 (4th)
Time zone	Eastern (EST) (UTC−5)
- Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
Postal code span	K0A, K1A-K4C[1]
Area code(s)	613, 343, 819
Website	ottawa.ca

Ottawa (i/ˈɒtəwɑː/ or /ˈɒtəwə/) is the capital of Canada, the second largest city in the Province of Ontario, and the fourth largest city in the country.[3] The city is located on the south bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of Southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, located on the north bank of the Ottawa River; together they form the National Capital Region (NCR).[6]

The 2006 census had the city's population as 812,129,[3] and the metropolitan population as 1,130,761.[5] In 2009, Ottawa-Gatineau's population was estimated at 1,220,674, fifth among census metropolitan areas in Canada.[7]Mercer ranked Ottawa with the second highest quality of living of any in the Americas, and 14th highest in the world.[8] It was also considered the second cleanest city in Canada, and third cleanest city in the world.[9]

Founded in 1826 as Bytown and incorporated as "Ottawa" in 1855, the city has evolved into a political and technological center of Canada. Its original boundaries were expanded through numerous minor annexations and ultimately replaced by a new city incorporation and major amalgamation in 2001 which significantly increased its land area.

The name "Ottawa" is derived from the Algonquin word adawe, meaning "to trade".[10] Ottawa and the Ottawa Valley was home to the Algonquin people prior to the arrival of Europeans during the fur and subsequent lumber trade eras. Initially an Irish and French Christian settlement,[11] Ottawa has become a multicultural - bilingual city with a diverse population.[12]

HistoryMain article: History of OttawaSee also: Timeline of Ottawa history

Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Samuel de Champlain three years later on his trip wrote about the waterfalls of the area, and about his encounters with the Algonquins, a people who have been using the Ottawa River for centuries. They called the river Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi' meaning "Great River" or "Grand River".[13] These early explorers were later followed by many missionaries, coureurs de bois and voyageurs. Unlike some parts of Gatineau, and areas much further upstream, the areas of Ottawa at the time had very little permanent settlement, however the river and the Rideau River had been used for travel. The area of the Chaudière Falls was impassible so the nearby banks had been used for portages.

Philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on March 7, 1800, but on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull.[14][15] He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers,[13] set about to create an agricultural community[16] called Wrightsville and Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade (soon to be the most significant economic activity) by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City.[17] In the years following the War of 1812,[18] the government began sponsored immigration which brought over Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants to settle the Ottawa area.[19] Along with French Canadians who crossed over from Quebec, these two groups provided the bulk of workers involved in the Rideau Canal project and the timber trade.[20]

Bytown (Ottawa's early name) came about because of the Rideau Canal, which began in 1826, the year of Bytown's founding. Its construction was overseen by Colonel John By, and was intended to provide a secure route between Montreal and Kingston on Lake Ontario, by-passing the stretch of the St. Lawrence River bordering New York State. Construction began at the northern end (Ottawa River), where Colonel By set up a military barracks on Barrack Hill, what later became Parliament Hill. He also laid out the streets of town with its "Upper Town" and "Lower Town" separated by the canal. Bytown's population grew to 1,000 as the completion of the Rideau Canal came to an end in November 1831.[21] Bytown was a lumber town, and it acquired a reputation for being boisterous, somewhat due to the military policy of noninterference in civilian affairs. Other tensions caused conflicts such as the Shiners' War in 1835 to 1845,[22] and the Stony Monday Riot in 1849.[23] Bytown was renamed Ottawa in 1855, when it was incorporated as a city.[24]

On December 31, 1857, Queen Victoria was asked to choose a common capital for the Province of Canada (modern day Ontario and Quebec) and chose Ottawa.[25] At the time Ottawa's population of 10,000 was much smaller than other contenders, and it was far from the colony's main cities. The Queen's advisers suggested she pick Ottawa for several reasons:[26] Ottawa's position in the back country made it more defensible, while still allowing easy transportation over the Ottawa River. Ottawa was at a point nearly exactly midway between Toronto and Quebec City (500 kilometres (310 mi)),[27] and that the small size of the town made it less likely that politically motivated mobs could go on a rampage and destroy government buildings, as had happened in the previous Canadian capitals.[28] Serving as Canada's capital, Ottawa is home to the Parliament of Canada, the House of Commons, the Senate, the Privy Council, the Supreme Court, the Federal Court and the Bank of Canada. Ottawa is also home to official residence of the Governor General of Canada as well as the official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada.

The Centre Block on Parliament Hill under construction in 1863.

Starting in the 1850's large sawmills began to be erected by American entrepreneurs, known as lumber barons, and would become some of the largest in the world. Rail lines erected in 1854 connected Ottawa to areas south, and to the transcontinental rail network on June 28, 1886, when Pacific Express connected it to Hull and then onto Lachute, Quebec.[29] Between 1910 and 1912, the Grand Trunk Railway would construct the Chateau Laurier, and a downtown Union Station.[30] Public transportation began in 1870 with a horsecar system.[31], overtaken in the 1890s by a vast electric streetcar system that would last until 1959. The Hull-Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two thirds of Hull, including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront.[32] The fire also spread across the Chaudière Bridge and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow's Lake.[33] The Centre Block of the Parliament buildings were destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916.[34] The House of Commons and Senate were temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, currently the Canadian Museum of Nature[35] until the completion of the new Centre Block in 1922, the centrepiece of which is a dominant Gothic revival styled structure known as the Peace Tower.[36]

Urban planner Jacques Greber was hired in the 1940s to work on a master plan for the National Capital Region (the Greber Plan).[37] Jacques Greber was the creator of the National Capital Greenbelt, the Parkway System, as well as many other projects throughout the NCR.[38] He was also responsible for the removal of the streetcar system and closing down historic downtown Union Station (now Government Conference Centre) in favour of a suburban station several kilometres to the east.[39] In the 1960s through 1980s, the National Capital Region experienced a building boom, proportionally reflecting that of Montreal and Toronto.[40] This was followed by large growth in the high-tech industry during the 1990s and 2000s.[41] In 2001, in an amalgamation legislated by the Province, all twelve existing municipalities in the area were terminated and replaced by a new incorporation of the City of Ottawa.

GeographyMain article: Geography of OttawaIn view from left to right: Gatineau the Ottawa River and Downtown Ottawa

Ottawa is situated on the south bank of the Ottawa River, and contains the mouths of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal.[42] The oldest part of the city (including what remains of Bytown) is known as Lower Town, and occupies an area between the canal and the rivers. Across the canal to the west lies Centretown and Downtown Ottawa, which is the city's financial and commercial hub. As of June 29, 2007, the Rideau Canal, which stretches 202 km (126 mi) to Kingston, Fort Henry and four Martello towers in the Kingston area was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[43]

Located on a major, yet mostly dormant fault line,[44] Ottawa is occasionally struck by earthquakes. Examples include a magnitude 5.2 earthquake on January 1, 2000,[45] a magnitude 4.5 earthquake on February 24, 2006,[46] a magnitude 5.0 earthquake on June 23, 2010.[47]

Across the Ottawa River, which forms the border between Ontario and Quebec, lies the city of Gatineau, itself the result of amalgamation of the former Quebec cities of Hull and Aylmer together with Gatineau.[48] Although formally and administratively separate cities in two separate provinces, Ottawa and Gatineau (along with a number of nearby municipalities) collectively constitute the National Capital Region, with a combined population exceeding one million residents, which is considered a single metropolitan area. One federal crown corporation (the National Capital Commission, or NCC) has significant land holdings in both cities, including sites of historical and touristic importance. The NCC, through its responsibility for planning and development of these lands, is an important contributor to both cities. Around the main urban area is an extensive greenbelt, administered by the National Capital Commission for conservation and leisure, and comprising mostly forest, farmland and marshland.[49]

ClimateThe Rideau Canal in summer, just south of Dow's Lake as seen from Carleton University

Ottawa has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with a range of temperatures from a record high of 37.8 °C (100 °F), recorded August 11, 1944, to a record low of −38.9 °C (−38 °F), recorded on December 29, 1933.[50]

The city experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm and humid in Ottawa. The average July maximum temperature is 26 °C (79 °F), although daytime temperatures of 30 °C (86 °F) or higher are commonplace. During periods of hot weather, high humidity is often an aggravating factor, especially close to the rivers. Ottawa averages many days with humidex (combined temperature & humidity index) between 30 °C (86 °F) and 40 °C (104 °F) annually.

Spring and fall are variable, prone to extremes in temperature and unpredictable swings in conditions. Hot days above 30 °C (86 °F) have occurred as early as March (as in 2002) or as late as October, as well as snow well into May and early in October (although such events are extremely unusual and brief). Average annual precipitation averages around 940 millimetres (37 in). The biggest one-day rainfall occurred on September 9, 2004, when the remnants of Hurricane Frances dumped nearly 136 millimetres (5.4 in) of rain in the city. The all-time monthly record is 243.4 mm (13.75 inches) set in July 2009. There are about 2,060 hours of average sunshine annually (47% of possible).

The Rideau Canal in winter, looking north towards the Château Laurier with National Defence Headquarters on the right

Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives about 235 centimetres (93 in) of snowfall annually. Its biggest snowfall was recorded on March 3–4, 1947, with 73 centimetres (28.7 in) of snow.[51] The average January temperature is −10.8 °C (12.6 °F), although days well above freezing and nights below −30 °C (−22 °F) both occur in the winter. The 2007–08 winter season snowfall (432.7 centimetres (170.4 in))[52] came within 12 cm (5 inches) of the record snowfall set in 1970–1971 (444.1 cm / 174.8 inches).[53]

High wind chills are common, with annual averages of 51, 14 and 1 days with wind chills below −20 °C (−4 °F), −30 °C (−22 °F) and −40 °C (−40 °F) respectively.[54] The lowest recorded wind chill was −47.8 °C (−54 °F) on January 8, 1968. Freezing rain is also relatively common, even relative to other parts of the country.[54] One such large storm caused power outages and affected the local economy, and became known as the 1998 Ice Storm.

Destructive summer weather events such as tornadoes, major flash floods, extreme heat waves, severe hail and remnant effects from hurricanes are rare, but all have occurred in the Ottawa area. Some of the most notable tornadoes in the region occurred in 1978 (F2), 1994 (F3), 1999 (F1), 2002 (F1), 2004 (F1) and west end Ottawa 2009 (F0).[55]

Neighbourhoods and outlying communitiesFurther information: List of Ottawa neighbourhoodsMap of Ottawa showing urban area, highways, waterways, and historic townships

Ottawa is bounded on the east by the United Counties of Prescott and Russell; by Renfrew County and Lanark County in the west; on the south by the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville and the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry; and on the north by the Regional County Municipality of Les Collines-de-l'Outaouais and the City of Gatineau.[57] Modern Ottawa is made up of eleven historic townships, ten of which are from Carleton County and one from Russell.[58]

The city has a main urban area but there are many other urban, suburban and rural areas within the modern city's limits.[59] The main suburban area extends a considerable distance to the east, west and south of the centre,[59] and includes the former cities of Gloucester, Nepean and Vanier, the former village of Rockcliffe Park and the community of Blackburn Hamlet, the community of Orléans.[60] The Kanata suburban area consists of Kanata and the former village of Stittsville.[60]Nepean is another major suburb which also includes Barrhaven and the former village of Manotick.[60] There are also the communities of Riverside South on the other side of the Rideau River, Morgan's Grant and Greely, southeast of Riverside South.[60]

There are a number of rural communities (villages and hamlets) that lie beyond the greenbelt but are administratively part of the Ottawa municipality.[59] Some of these communities are Burritts Rapids; Ashton; Fallowfield; Kars; Fitzroy Harbour; Munster; Carp; North Gower; Metcalfe; Constance Bay and Osgoode and Richmond.[60] There are also a number of towns in the national capital region but outside the city of Ottawa,[59] one of these urban communities is Almonte, Ontario.[60]

Cityscape and infrastructureOttawa above the Ottawa River in May, left to right — Alexandra Bridge · National Gallery of Canada · Byward Market · Fairmont Château Laurier · Rideau Canal Locks · Parliament Hill with Library of Parliament and Peace Tower · Downtown Ottawa towers · Supreme Court of Canada ArchitectureMain article: Architecture of OttawaElgin Street in downtown Ottawa, looking northwards towards the Parliament Buildings from Queen Street

Influenced by government structures, much of the city's architecture tends to be formalistic and functional. However, the city is also marked by Romantic and Picturesque styles of architecture such as the Parliament Building's gothic revival architecture.[61] Ottawa's domestic architecture is dominated by single family homes. There are also smaller numbers of semi-detached, rowhouses, and apartment buildings. Most domestic buildings are clad in brick, with small numbers covered in wood or stone. The Ottawa skyline has remained conservative in skyscraper height throughout the years due to a skyscraper height restriction. The restrictions were originally implemented to keep Parliament Hill and the Peace Tower at 92.2 metres (302 ft) visible from most parts of the City.[62] Today, several buildings are slightly taller than the Peace Tower, with the tallest located on Albert Street being the 29-storey Place de Ville (Tower C) at 112 metres (367 ft).[63] Federal buildings in the National Capital Region are managed by Public Works Canada, while most of the federal land in the region is managed by the National Capital Commission; its control of much undeveloped land gives the NCC a great deal of influence over the city's development.[64]

Public transitSee also: Ottawa Rapid TransitThe O-Train, Ottawa's light rail train servicing a portion of Ottawa's public transit system

The current public transit system is operated by OC Transpo, a department of the city.[65] An integrated hub-and-spoke system of services is available consisting of: (1) regular buses travelling on fixed routes in mixed traffic, typical of most urban transit systems;[65] (2) a bus rapid transit (BRT) system — a high frequency bus service operating on the transitway — a network of mostly grade-separated dedicated bus lanes within their own right-of-way and having full stations with Park & Ride facilities further supported by on-road reserved bus lanes and priority traffic signal controls; (3) a light rail transit (LRT) system known as the O-Train operating on one north-south route;[65] and (4) a door-to-door bus service for the disabled known as ParaTranspo.[65] Both OC Transpo and the Quebec-based Société de transport de l'Outaouais (STO) operate bus services between Ottawa and Gatineau.

Inter-city servicesSee also: List of airports in the Ottawa area

Ottawa is served by a number of airlines that fly into the Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport, as well as two main regional airports Gatineau-Ottawa Executive Airport, and Ottawa/Carp Airport.[66] The city is also served by inter-city passenger rail service at the Ottawa Train Station by Via Rail, and inter-city bus service operating out of the Ottawa Bus Central Station.[66]

Highways, streets and roadsHighway 417 approaching the Highway 416 interchange.See also: List of Ottawa roads and List of numbered roads in Ottawa

The capital city of Canada is also served by a network of freeways, the main one being provincial Highway 417 (called The Queensway), Ottawa-Carleton Regional Road 174 (formerly Provincial Highway 17), and Highway 416 (Veterans' Memorial Highway), connecting Ottawa to the rest of the 400-Series Highway network in Ontario. Highway 417 is also the Ottawa portion of the Trans-Canada Highway. The city also has several scenic parkways (promenades), such as Colonel By Drive, Queen Elizabeth Driveway, the Ottawa River Parkway, Rockcliffe Parkway and the Aviation Parkway and has a freeway connection to Autoroute 5 and Autoroute 50, in Gatineau. In 2006, the National Capital Commission completed work on the long-discussed Confederation Boulevard, a ceremonial route linking key attractions in National Capital Region on both sides of the Ottawa River, in Ottawa as well as Gatineau, Quebec.[67]

Bicycle and pedestrian pathwaysFurther information: Capital Pathway

There is a large network of paved multi-use trails that wind their way through much of the city, including along the Ottawa River, Rideau River, and Rideau Canal. These pathways are used for transportation, tourism, and recreation. Because most streets either have wide curb lanes or bicycle lanes, cycling is a popular mode of transportation in the region throughout the year.[68] There are over 220 kilometeres of paths located throughout the Ottawa-Gatineau region.[69] There are a few downtown streets that are restricted to only bicycle or pedestrians, such as Sparks Street that was turned into a pedestrian mall in 1966.[70] On Sundays and selected holidays and events additional avenues and streets are reserved for pedestrian and/or bicycle uses only.[69]

Navigable waterwaysThe Bytown Museum and Rideau Canal overlooking the Ottawa RiverFurther information: Rideau Waterway

Ottawa sits at the confluence of three major rivers: the Ottawa River, the Gatineau River and the Rideau River.[71] The Ottawa and Gatineau rivers were historically important in the logging and lumber industries and the Rideau as part of the Rideau Canal system for military, commercial and, susequently, recreational purposes.[71] The Rideau Canal, connecting the Ottawa River and the Saint Lawrence River at Kingston, Ontario, by-passes unnavigable sections of the Rideau River as it winds its way through the city.[71] Rideau is a French word that means 'Curtain' in English, and the Rideau Falls resemble a curtain, thusly named by Samuel de Champlain in 1613.[72] During part of the winter season the frozen waters of the canal form the world's largest skating rink thereby providing both a recreational venue and a 7.8 kilometres (4.8 miles) transportation path to downtown for ice skaters (from Carleton University and Dow's Lake to the Rideau Centre and National Arts Centre).[73]

DemographicsMain article: Demographics of Ottawa

Ottawa federalcensus history(1871–2006)
Year	Pop.
1871	&1000000000002154500000021,545[74]
1881	&1000000000002741200000027,412[74]
1891	&1000000000004415400000044,154[74]
1901	&1000000000005992800000059,928[74]
1911	&1000000000008706200000087,062[74]
1921	&10000000000107843000000107,843[74]
1931	&10000000000126872000000126,872[74]
1941	&10000000000154951000000154,951[74]
1951	&10000000000202045000000202,045[74]
1956	&10000000000222129000000222,129[75]
1961	&10000000000268206000000268,206[75]
1966	&10000000000290741000000290,741[76]
1971	&10000000000302341000000302,341[76]
1976	&10000000000304462000000304,462[77]
1981	&10000000000295163000000295,163[78]
1986	&10000000000300763000000300,763[79]
1991	&10000000000313987000000313,987[79]
1996	&10000000000323340000000323,340[80] [N 1]
2001	&10000000000774072000000774,072[81] [N 1]
2006	&10000000000812129000000812,129[83]
Notes: ^ a b In early 2001, the Province of Ontario dissolved the former City of Ottawa by amalgamating it with eleven other municipalities to form a new City of Ottawa. The 1996 adjusted population of the amalgamated city published in the 2001 census was 721,136,[81] while the population of the dissolved former City of Ottawa in 2001 was 337,031.[82]

In 2006, the populations of the City of Ottawa and the Ottawa-Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA) were 812,129 and 1,130,761 respectively,[84][83] while the Ottawa-Gatineau urban area had a population of 860,928.[4] The city had a population density of 1,680.5 persons per km2 in 2006, while the CMA had a population density of 197.8 persons per km2.[84][83] The estimated population of the National Capital Region is 1,451,415.

In 2001, the population of the pre-amalgamated city was 337,031.[82] In 2001, females made up 51.2% of the amalgamated Ottawa population, while the median age of the population was 36.7 years of age.[85] Youths under 15 years of age comprised 18.9% of the total population, while those of retirement age (65 years and older) comprised 11.4%.[85]

Between 1987 and 2002, 131,816 individuals relocated to the city, which represents 75% of the population growth for that period.[86]Foreign immigration plays a significant role in Ottawa's population growth.[87] As of 2006 foreign-born residents make up approximately 22% of the populace,[83] many of whom come from China, Lebanon, North Africa, Iran, and the Balkans.[88] Those of Aboriginal origin numbered 1.5% of the total population.[83] Members of visible minority groups (non-white/European) constituted 20.2%. The largest visible minority groups were people of Black (4.9%), Chinese (3.8%), South Asian (3.3%) and Arab (3.0%) ancestry.[83]

According to the 2001 census, the most practiced religion is Christianity as 74.7% of the population described themselves belonging to various Christian denominations.[85] The largest denomination is Catholicism at 43.3% of city residents.[85] Members of Protestant churches formed 27.6%, Christian Orthodox were 2.1%, and 1.8% belonged to other Christian groups, including Jehovah's Witnesses and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[85] Non-Christian religion practiced in Ottawa included Islam (5.2%), Judaism (1.5%), Buddhism (1.2%), Hinduism (1.1%), and Sikhism (0.3%).[85] Those professing other forms of eastern religion or no religion formed 0.2% and 15.7% of the population respectively.[85]

Distribution map compiled from the 2001 census showing percentage of individuals that indicated French as their mother tongue

The Algonquian languages have been spoken for centuries by the Indigenous peoples and subsequently by the French coureurs des bois and voyageurs of the Ottawa valley during the 1600s and 1700s.[89] Starting in the mid 1800s, Irish settlers of the Ottawa valley develop a distinct dialect referred to as "Ottawa Valley Twang".[90] Traces of "Valley Twang" although rare, can still be heard in the valley's more isolated areas.[91]

Bilingualism in Ottawa became official policy in 2002, making all municipal services available in both of Canada's official languages (Canadian English and Canadian French).[92] Nearly 300,000 people, or 37% of Ottawa's population, can speak both languages,[83] As such it is the largest city in Canada with both English and French as co-official languages.[93] Those who identified their mother tongue as English constitute 62.6%, French 14.9%, and both 0.9%.[83] An additional 21.6% list languages other than English and French as their mother tongue.[83] These include Italian, Chinese, Somali, Spanish, German, Persian, Urdu, Lebanese along with other dialects of the Arabic language.[83] When questioned on their knowledge of Canada's official languages, 59.9% of the population reported speaking only English; 37.2% reported speaking both English and French; 1.6% spoke only French; and 1.3% spoke neither official language.[83]

Local government and politicsFurther information: List of Ottawa municipal elections and Canadian federal election results in OttawaOttawa City Hall built as the headquarters of the former Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton.

Ottawa is a single-tier municipality, meaning it is in itself a census division and has no county or regional municipality government above it.[94] As a single tier municipality, Ottawa has responsibility for all municipal services, including fire, ambulatory, police, parks, roads, sidewalks, public transit, drinking water, stormwater, sanitary sewage and solid waste. Ottawa is governed by the 24-member Ottawa City Council consisting of 23 councillors each representing one ward and the mayor, currently Jim Watson,[95] elected in a citywide vote.

Along with being the capital of Canada, Ottawa is politically diverse in local politics. Most of the city has traditionally supported the Liberal Party.[96] Perhaps the safest areas for the Liberals are the ones dominated by Francophones, especially in Vanier and central Gloucester.[96] Central Ottawa is usually more left-leaning, and the New Democratic Party can win ridings there as government unions and activist groups are fairly strong. Some of Ottawa's suburbs are swing areas, notably central Nepean and, despite its Francophone population, Orléans.[96] The southern and western parts of the old city of Ottawa are generally moderate and swing to the Conservative Party.[96] The farther one goes outside the city centre like to Kanata and Barrhaven and rural areas, the voters tend to be increasingly conservative, both fiscally and socially.[96] This is especially true in the former Townships of West Carleton, Goulbourn, Rideau and Osgoode, which are more in line with the conservative areas in the surrounding counties.[96] However not all rural areas support the Conservative Party. Rural parts of the former township of Cumberland, with a large number of Francophones, traditionally support the Liberal Party, though their support has recently weakened.[96]

EducationFurther information: List of schools in OttawaTabaret Hall at the University of Ottawa, founded in 1848 as the College of Bytown.

Ottawa is known as one of the most educated cities in Canada, with over half the population having graduated from College and/or university.[97] Ottawa has the highest per capita concentration of engineers, scientists, and residents with PhDs in Canada.[98]

The city has two main public universities Carleton University and University of Ottawa, and two main public colleges Algonquin College and La Cité collégiale. It also has two Christian universities Dominican University College and Saint Paul University. There is also the University of Quebec en Outaouais, Cégep de l'Outaouais, and Heritage College in the neighbouring City of Gatineau.

There are four main public school boards in Ottawa. English, English-Catholic, French, and French-Catholic. The Ottawa-Carleton District School Board (OCDSB) is the largest board with 147 schools,[99] followed by the Ottawa Catholic School Board with 85 schools.[100] The two French language boards are the Conseil des écoles catholiques du Centre-Est with 49 schools,[101] and the Conseil des écoles publiques de l'Est de l'Ontario with 37 schools.[102] The Ottawa Public Library was created in 1906 as part of the famed Carnegie library system.[103] The library system had 2.3 million items as of 2008.[104]

EconomyFurther information: List of technology companies in Ottawa

Ottawa's primary employers are the Public Service of Canada and the high-tech industry.[86] The city has a high standard of living and low unemployment.[105][106] Ottawa had the fourth highest growth rate among major Canadian cities in 2007 with a 2.7% GDP growth rate, which exceeded the Canadian average of 2.4%.[107] It is estimated that the National Capital Region attracts around seven million tourists annually who spend about 1.3 billion dollars.[108]

The region of Ottawa-Gatineau has the third highest income of all major Canadian cities.[107] The average gross income in the region amounted to $40,078 (with $52,927 to Calgary and Edmonton with $42,866), an increase of 4.9% compared to the previous year.[107] Net income was $30,347 (increased by 4.4% year on year) and for the region also means third place. The annual cost of living rate in 2007 was 1.9%.[107] The average single income in 2005 was 43,613, while the average private household income was 85,136.[109]

Developed in the early 1950s, Tunney's Pasture is an area that is exclusively reserved for various federal government buildings.

The Federal government is the city's largest employer, employing over 110,000 individuals from the National Capital region.[110] Ottawa is also an important technology centre; its 1800 companies employ approximately 80,000 people.[111] The concentration of companies in this industry earned the city the nickname of "Silicon Valley North."[41] Most of these companies specialize in telecommunications, software development, environmental technology. Large technology companies such as Nortel, Corel, Mitel, Cognos and JDS Uniphase were founded in the city.[112] Ottawa also has regional locations for 3M, Adobe Systems, Bell Canada, IBM Alcatel-Lucent and Hewlett-Packard.[113] Many of the telecommunications and new technology are located in the western part of the city (formerly Kanata).

Another major employer is the health sector, which employs over 18,000 people.[114]Nordion, i-Stat as well as the National Research Council of Canada and OHRI are part of the growing life science sector.[115][116] Business, finance, administration, and sales and service occupations rank high among types of occupations.[83] Approximately ten percent of Ottawa's GDP is derived from finance, insurance, real estate whereas employment is in goods-producing industries is only half the national average.[117] The City of Ottawa is the second largest employer[118][119] with over 15,000 employees.[119][120]

In 2006, Ottawa experienced an increase of 40,000 jobs over 2001 with a five-year average growth that was relative slower than in the late 1990s.[107] While the number of employees in the federal government stagnated, the high-technology industry grew by 2.4%. The overall growth of jobs in Ottawa-Gatineau was 1.3% compared to the previous year, down to sixth place behind Edmonton (6.7%), Calgary (3.9%), Vancouver (3.0%), Montreal (2.5%) and Toronto (2.3%).[107] The unemployment rate in Ottawa-Gatineau was 5.2% (only in Ottawa: 5.1%),[121] which was below the national average of 6.0%.[107] The economic downturn resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate between April 2008 and April 2009 from 4.7 to 6.3%. In the province, however, this rate increased over the same period from 6.4 to 9.1%.[122]

CultureA view of the ByWard Market looking east down York Street in 1911.

Traditionally the ByWard Market (in Lower Town), Parliament Hill and the Golden Triangle (both in Centretown - Downtown) have been the focal points of the cultural scenes in Ottawa.[123] Modern thoroughfares such as Wellington Street, Rideau Street, Sussex Drive, Elgin Street, Bank Street, Somerset Street, Preston Street and Sparks Street; are home to many boutiques, museums, theaters, galleries, landmarks and memorials, while dominated by eating establishments, cafes, bars and nightclubs.[124]

Ottawa's hosts a variety of annual seasonal activities — such as Winterlude, the largest festival in Canada,[125] and Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill and surrounding downtown area, as well as Bluesfest, Canadian Tulip Festival, Ottawa International Jazz Festival, Fringe Festival and Folk Music Festival, that have grown to become some of the largest festivals of their kind in the world.[126][127] In 2010, Ottawa's Festival industry received the IFEA "World Festival and Event City Award" for the category of North American cities with a population between 500,000 and 1,000,000.[128]

As Canada's capital, Ottawa has played host to a number of significant cultural events in Canadian history, including the first visit of the reigning Canadian sovereign—King George VI, with his consort, Queen Elizabeth—to his parliament, on 19 May 1939.[129]VE Day was marked with a large celebration on 8 May 1945,[130] the first raising of the country's new national flag took place on 15 February 1965,[131] and the centennial of Confederation was celebrated on 1 July 1967.[132]Elizabeth II was in Ottawa on 17 April 1982, to issue a royal proclamation of the enactment of the Constitution Act.[133] In 1983, Prince Charles and Diana Princess of Wales came to Ottawa for a state dinner hosted by then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.[134] In 2011, Ottawa was selected as the first city to receive Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge during their Royal tour of Canada.[135]

Museums and performing artsFurther information: List of attractions in OttawaThe Maman statue, a 9.144 m/30 ft bronze casts of a spider located at the National Gallery of Canada.[136]

Amongst the city's national museums and galleries is the National Gallery of Canada designed by famous architect Moshe Safdie, it is a permanent home to the Maman statue.[137] The Canadian War Museum houses over 3.75 million artifacts and was moved to an expanded facility in 2005.[138] The Canadian Museum of Nature was built in 1905, and over went a major renovation from 2004–2010.[139] Across the river Ottawa river in Gatineau is the most visited museum in Canada, the Canadian Museum of Civilization.[140] Designed by Canadian aboriginal architect Douglas Cardinal, the complex built at a cost of 340 million USD also houses the Canadian Children's Museum, the Canadian Postal Museum and 3D IMAXtheatre.[141]

The city is also home to the Canada Agriculture Museum, the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, the Canada Science and Technology Museum, Billings Estate Museum, Bytown Museum, Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography, Canadian Ski Museum, Currency Museum, and the Portrait Gallery of Canada.[142]

The Ottawa Little Theatre, originally called the Ottawa Drama League at its inception in 1913, is the longest-running community theatre company in Ottawa.[143] Since 1969, Ottawa has been the home of the National Arts Centre, a major performing arts venue that houses four stages and is home to the National Arts Centre Orchestra, the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra, and Opera Lyra Ottawa.[144] Established in 1975, the Great Canadian Theatre Company specialises in the production of Canadian plays at a local level.[145]

Historic and heritage sitesThe Langevin Block, home to the Prime Minister’s Office and designated a National Historic Site of Canada.Main articles: Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa and Heritage properties in Ottawa

The Rideau Canal is the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, and in 2007, it was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[146] In addition, there are 24 other National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa, including: the Central Chambers, the Central Experimental Farm, the Château Laurier, Confederation Square, the former Ottawa Teachers' College, Langevin Block, Laurier House and the Parliament Buildings. Many other properties of cultural value have been designated as having "heritage elements" by the City of Ottawa under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act.[147]

MediaFurther information: Media in Ottawa-Gatineau

There are three main daily local newspapers printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the Ottawa Citizen established as the Bytown Packet in 1845 and the Ottawa Sun, with 900,197 and 274,628 weekly circulation respectively, and one French newspaper, Le Droit.[148] Weekly and monthly papers include the Ottawa Business Journal, Ottawa Xpress and the Epoch Times. A wide range of Canadian broadcast networks and systems are available in both English and French. Some of the local television stations include CJOH, A network, CHOT and TVA. There are a wide range of radio stations that broadcast in both English and French. Some of this station include 580 News, Hot 89.9, Bob FM, CHEZ-FM, Jack FM, DAWG FM and NRJ.

SportsScotiabank Place, home arena of the National Hockey League's Ottawa Senators.Further information: Sport in Ottawa and List of Ottawa parks

Sport in Ottawa has a history dating back to the 19th century. Ottawa is currently home to one professional sports team, the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League.[149] A second pro team, a new Canadian Football League franchise, is scheduled to debut in 2013.[150] Several non-professional teams also play in Ottawa, including the Ottawa 67's junior hockey team.[151]

Collegiate teams in various sports compete in Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The Carleton Ravens are nationally ranked in basketball,[152] and the Ottawa Gee-Gees are nationally-ranked in football and basketball. Algonquin College has also won numerous national championships. The city is home to an assortment of amateur organized team sports such as soccer, basketball, baseball, curling and horse racing.[153] Casual recreational activities, such as skating, cycling, hiking, sailing, golfing, skiing and fishing/ice fishing are also popular.[153]

Ottawa diplomatic missions and relationsFurther information: List of embassies and high commissions in Ottawa

At present, Ottawa is host to 130 embassies.[154] A further 49 countries accredit their embassies and missions in the United States to Canada.[154]

Sister cities of Ottawa Beijing, China (1999)[155] Buenos Aires, Argentina Catania, Sicily, Italy Palermo, Sicily, Italy Campobasso, Molise, Italy Seoul, South Korea See also

List of national capitals List of bridges in Ottawa List of hospitals in Ottawa List of Ottawa buildings List of Ottawa churches

Ottawa portal Eastern Ontario portal List of Ottawa cinemas List of Ottawa mosques List of Ottawa synagogues List of people from Ottawa

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Bibliography

• Hale, James (2011), Frommer's Ottawa, John Wiley and Sons, ISBN 9780470681589, http://books.google.com/books?id=D-xZXkWpWtIC&pg=PT1 
• Keshen, Jeff; Nicole St-Onge (2001), Ottawa--making a capital, University of Ottawa Press, ISBN 9780776605210, http://books.google.com/books?id=_Q9Bb4EiAyoC&pg=PP1 
• Lee, David (2006), Lumber kings & shantymen: logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley, James Lorimer & Company, ISBN 9781550289220, http://books.google.com/books?id=3ZLSf-I0XgIC&pg=PA1 
• Wetering, Marion Van de (1997), An Ottawa album: glimpses of the way we were, Dundurn Press Ltd., ISBN 9780888821959, http://books.google.com/books?id=jRkxGw291AcC&pg=PA1 
• Martin, Carol (1997), Ottawa: a colourguide, Formac Publishing Company, ISBN 9780887803963, http://books.google.com/books?id=gjUoa_r4LOIC&pg=PA1 
• Woods, Shirley E. Jr. (1980), Ottawa: The Capital of Canada, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, ISBN 0385147228 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ottawa

• City of Ottawa's website
• City of Ottawa's info page
• Ottawa Tourism
• Ottawa travel guide from Wikitravel

Coordinates: 45°25′01″N 75°42′00″W / 45.417°N 75.7°W / 45.417; -75.7